What is X-Ray photograph?

An X-Ray photograph of any part of body can be taken by interposing that part between the X-Ray tube and the photographic plate.
They are highly penetrating rays and can pass through several materials which are opaque to ordinary light.
These rays can easily pass through flesh and are stopped by bones, the skeleton structure of the concerned part is revealed on the photographic plate. Such a photograph easily detects fractures, foreign matter like a safety pin in throat or a bullet in limb. 

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Pertaining to government

Government by the nobility-                                               aristocracy
Government by the department of state -                            bureaucracy
Government by a few -                                                      oligarchy
Government by the wealthy-                                               plutocracy
Government by the worst citizens-                                      kakistocracy
Government by a military class -                                         stratocracy

Logarithm

The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index of the power to which the base must be raised to be equal to that number.

Thus if a^x= N, then x is the logarithm of N to the base a, and written as x =log _aN

For example, 100 =10²                  so     log₁₀¹⁰⁰ = 2

 and (.0001) =(.1)⁴                        so     log (.0001) = 4

Conversely, if  log_aN = x           then             N = a^x.

Some important deductions.

(i)                         log_a¹ = 0 or log of 1 to any base = 0 [ a⁰=1]

(ii)                      log_aa = 1 or log of any number to the same 

           base =1 [ a’ =a]

(iii)                   log_a∞= ∞, for values of a>1.   [ a^∞ =∞]

(iv)                   log_a⁰= -∞, for values of a>1.   

                [ a^-∞ =1/a^∞= 1/^∞=0]